老龄化社会(aging society)
背景
世界步入老龄化(the world is aging),老年人(the elderly / senior citizen / the aged / the old)的比例增大。原因是健康状况和医疗水平的提高(improved health technology)、医疗的改善和生活水平的提高(social security and medical treatment),人们寿命增长(life span is longer than before)。
问题
劳动生产力下降(decrease in effective working force);很多老年人依赖养老金生活(live on pension),增加了家庭的负担(take up the duty of caring for the aged members);社会保障体系不完善,基础设施和社会服务满足不了老龄化社会的需求(The infrastructure and social services for the elderly do not meet the demand),医疗水平在欠发达国家仍有待提升(medical level in the less-developed countries leaves much to be desired)。
解决办法
加强家庭联系(consolidate the family ties),给予老人精神安慰(spiritual comfort);养老方式要多样化,随着核心家庭(nuclear family)数量增加,家庭养老(family function of supporting the elderly)仍是一种支持类型,社区养老服务(local communities are another type of support)也应发展,所以要鼓励社区服务(encourage the community service for the aged)。
退休(early retirement)
正面影响
多年工作后,老年人可能身心疲惫(extremely burnt out),退休生活能让他们放松(relax in retirement);同时,退休为年轻人提供就业机会(open up opportunities for younger people to get into the workforce)。
负面影响
老年人会觉得自己无用(useless),被社会淘汰(mean to be sifted out);退休会导致心理问题(suffer from certain mental problems);年长者在某一领域多为专业人士(specialist),退休意味着宝贵劳动资源流失(loss of the labour resources);老人退休增加社会福利成本(social welfare cost)。
代沟(Generation gap)
定义
代沟是不同年龄段人之间的差异(Generation gap means the "distinction" between the old and the young)。
根源
源于不同的世界观(result from different interpretation and appreciation of the world)、不同的理解和沟通(derive from a lack of understanding and communication),因此争端与摩擦时有发生(disagreement and conflict often take place)。
解决
成年人和年轻人之间的代沟无法被缩小(generation gap between the grown-ups and the young remains unbridged),要消除误解(remove the misunderstanding)、互相包容(tolerance)来弥合代沟(narrow the gap / bridge the gap)。
家庭生活(family life and child-rearing)
现状
更多女性选择照顾孩子(more women than men take time out to raise the children);随着教育水平提高,性别歧视有所缓解(gender discrimination),女性社会地位提升(status quo of women),更多女性步入职场(employed in the labor force)。
挑战
女性要平衡家庭和工作(balance work and home life)并非易事。