地图题核心：理解与分类
首先，要明确雅思地图题通常考察两种类型：
1. 变迁类地图：描述一个地方在不同时间点（如过去、现在、未来）的变化。通常包含两幅或以上的地图。
2. 选址类地图：描述一个地方在两个或更多不同选址方案间的对比。
本攻略将重点放在更常见的变迁类地图上，但其核心原则同样适用于选址类。
时态区分：时间线的基石
时态的准确使用是地图题的基础，直接影响到任务完成度。
如果地图描述过去（如1980年）：
主要时态：一般过去时
例句：In 1980, there was a small car park in the north-east of the town.
如果地图描述现在：
主要时态：一般现在时
例句：The car park has been replaced by a shopping mall. (这里用了现在完成时，表示从过去到现在的变化结果)
如果地图描述未来规划（如2030年规划）：
主要时态：一般将来时 (will + be/do) 或 表示将来的被动语态 (is/are planned to + be/do, is/are expected to + be/do)
例句：The factory will be demolished and will be replaced by a park. / A new school is planned for the south-west corner.
核心原则：
严格遵循地图上的时间标签。描述哪个时间点的状态，就用对应的时态。描述变化过程时，如果变化发生在过去并持续到现在，常用现在完成时；如果变化是未来计划，则用将来时。
方位与方向词汇汇总（中英对照详解）
1. 基本方位
| 英文词汇 | 中文释义 | 说明与例句 |
|---|---|---|
| In the north/south/east/west | 在北部/南部/东部/西部 | 表示在区域内部。例： The factory is located in the north of the town. (工厂位于城镇的北部。) |
| To the north/south/east/west of A | 在A地的北/南/东/西面 | 表示在区域外部。例： A new forest lies to the east of the river. (一片新森林位于河的东面。) |
| On the northern/southern/etc. side | 在北侧/南侧 | 强调在某一侧的面上。例： There is a car park on the northern side of the building. (建筑的北侧有一个停车场。) |
| North-east / South-west, etc. | 东北 / 西南等 | 用于描述精确方向。例： The development will occur in the south-east corner. (开发将发生在东南角。) |
2. 相对位置与区域描述
| 英文词汇 | 中文释义 | 说明与例句 |
|---|---|---|
| In the center/middle of | 在中心/中部 | 例： A fountain stands in the center of the roundabout. (一个喷泉立在环岛中心。) |
| In the heart of | 在...心脏地带 | 比"center"更具文学性。 |
| Along | 沿着 | 例： Several shops were built along the main road. (几家商店沿着主路建了起来。) |
| Adjacent to / Next to | 与...毗邻/紧挨着 | 例： The library, adjacent to the school, was expanded. (毗邻学校的图书馆被扩建了。) |
| Beside | 在旁边 | 与 next to 类似。 |
| Near / Close to | 在...附近 | 例： A new cafe was opened close to the station. (一家新咖啡馆在车站附近开业。) |
| Opposite / Across the road from | 在...对面 | 例： The park is located opposite the hospital. (公园位于医院对面。) |
| Surrounded by | 被...环绕 | 例： The house is surrounded by trees. (那房子被树木环绕。) |
| In the ... corner (e.g., north-west corner) | 在...角落（如西北角） | 例： The industrial zone was in the north-west corner. (工业区在西北角。) |
| In the ... part/region | 在...部分/区域 | 例： The southern part of the island saw the most changes. (岛屿的南部变化最大。) |
| The upper/lower section | 上半部分/下半部分 | 适用于地图有明确上下之分时。 |
3. 距离与方位结合
| 英文词汇 | 中文释义 | 说明与例句 |
|---|---|---|
| (Not) far from | (离...) (不)远 | 例： The new airport was built not far from the city center. (新机场建在离市中心不远的地方。) |
| A short distance from | 离...一小段距离 | 例： A farm was located a short distance from the village. (一个农场坐落在离村庄不远的地方。) |
| In the vicinity of | 在...邻近地区 | 较正式的用法。 |
变化动词与名词汇总（中英对照详解）
1. 新建与出现
| 英文词汇 (V./N.) | 中文释义 | 说明与例句 |
|---|---|---|
| Build / Build(ing) of | 建造 / ...的建造 | 最常用。例： They built a new school. / We saw the construction of a new school. |
| Construct / Construction of | 建造 / ...的建造 | 比 build 更正式。 |
| Erect / Erection of | 竖立，建立 / ...的建立 | 常用于建筑物、纪念碑等。例： A monument was erected in the town square. |
| Develop / Development of | 开发 / ...的开发 | 指系统性的、使土地增值的建设。例： The area was developed into a residential community. |
| Establish / Establishment of | 建立，设立 / ...的设立 | 常用于机构、设施。例： A new university was established near the coast. |
| Set up | 设立，成立 | 常用于小型或临时设施。例： A market was set up in the empty lot. |
| Add / Addition of | 增加 / ...的增建 | 指在原有基础上添加。例： A new wing was added to the hospital. / The addition of a playground benefited the community. |
2. 拆除与消失
| 英文词汇 (V./N.) | 中文释义 | 说明与例句 |
|---|---|---|
| Demolish / Demolition of | 拆除，摧毁 / ...的拆除 | 最常用和正式的词。例： The old houses were demolished. / The demolition of the old houses made space for a park. |
| Knock down / Pull down | 拆毁 | 比 demolish 更口语化。 |
| Remove / Removal of | 移除 / ...的移除 | 通用词，可用于建筑、树木等。例： The trees were removed. |
| Clear (the land) / Clearing of | 清理（土地）/ ...的清理 | 为后续建设做准备。例： The land was cleared for future development. |
3. 替换与转变
| 英文词汇 (V./N.) | 中文释义 | 说明与例句 |
|---|---|---|
| Replace A with B / Replacement of A with B | 用B取代A / 用B对A的取代 | 例： The shop was replaced with a restaurant. / The replacement of the shop with a restaurant changed the area's character. |
| Make way for | 为...让路 | 生动表达"被拆除/清除以便建..."。例： The old cinema was knocked down to make way for a new shopping mall. |
| Convert into / Conversion of A into B | 转变，改造 / 将A改造为B | 指改变原有建筑的用途。例： The factory was converted into luxury apartments. |
| Transform into / Transformation of A into B | 转变，改变 / 从A到B的转变 | 指发生巨大、彻底的改变。例： The barren land was transformed into a beautiful garden. |
| Redevelop into / Redevelopment of | 重新开发 / ...的重新开发 | 指对旧区进行翻新改造。例： The industrial site was redeveloped into a mixed-use complex. |
| Give way to | 被...取代 | 与 make way for 类似，但主语是被取代物。例： The farmland gave way to residential buildings. |
4. 扩建与缩减
| 英文词汇 (V./N.) | 中文释义 | 说明与例句 |
|---|---|---|
| Expand / Expansion of | 扩张，扩大 / ...的扩张 | 例： The airport was expanded to handle more passengers. / The expansion of the airport took three years. |
| Extend / Extension of | 延伸，延长 / ...的延伸 | 常指在长度或范围上增加。例： The road was extended to the harbor. |
| Enlarge / Enlargement of | 扩大 | 与 expand 类似。 |
| Reduce in size / Reduction in the size of | 面积缩小 / ...面积的缩小 | 例： The park was reduced in size to accommodate a new road. |
| Shrink | 缩小 | 不及物动词，主语自身缩小。例： The forest area shrank dramatically. |
5. 现代化与改善
| 英文词汇 (V./N.) | 中文释义 | 说明与例句 |
|---|---|---|
| Modernize / Modernization of | 使现代化 / ...的现代化 | 例： The hospital was modernized with new equipment. |
| Upgrade / Upgrade of | 升级，改善 / ...的升级 | 例： The city upgraded its public transportation system. |
| Improve / Improvement of | 改进，改善 / ...的改善 | 通用词。例： The improvements to the road network reduced traffic congestion. |
完整文章段落构成
采用经典的四段式结构，清晰且符合官方评分标准。
引言段 (Introduction)：
目的：用1-2句话复述题目，说明这两幅地图展示了某个地方在不同时间点的变化。
模板句：The two maps illustrate how the village of Leyton changed/the proposed development of Leyton between 1980 and 2020.
概览段 (Overview)：
目的：这是最重要的段落，决定了你是否能上6分。用1-2句话概括最显著、最核心的变化，不要包含具体数据。
写作要点：回答这两个问题——1. 这个地方整体上是变得更发达/更城市化了吗？ 2. 最主要的两到三个变化是什么（如农田变住宅区、道路扩建、设施增多）？
位置：可以在引言段后，也可以在结尾段。推荐放在第二段。
模板句：Overall, it is clear that the area witnessed significant modernization, with the most notable changes being the expansion of residential facilities and the development of infrastructure.
主体段 1 (Body Paragraph 1) & 主体段 2 (Body Paragraph 2)：
目的：对地图进行详细、有序的描述。
分段逻辑：按区域描述（如，第一段描述北部变化，第二段描述南部和沿海变化）或按变化类型分组（如，第一段描述新增设施，第二段描述拆除和替换）。避免简单地按时间点分段（如第一段写1980年，第二段写2020年），这样会失去对比。
中间段（主体段）句子写作要素
1. 逻辑顺序：
选择一个起点（如从北到南，从中心到外围），并坚持这个顺序。不要让考官的目光在地图上跳跃。
2. 主次分明：
先描述最主要、最占面积的变化，再描述次要的、细微的变化。
3. 句式丰富性（高分关键）：
简单句：用于陈述基本事实。A school was built in the north.
并列句：连接两个相关的简单变化。The trees were cut down, and the land was cleared for construction.
从句（定语从句、状语从句）：
The farmland, which was once located in the west, was completely transformed into a residential area. (定语从句)
While the post office remained in its original location, the park opposite it was extended. (状语从句)
分词短语/伴随状语：
The road was widened, connecting the city center directly to the new bridge.
Having been demolished, the old market was replaced by a skyscraper. (更高级)
4. 衔接与连贯（高分关键）：
使用连接词：Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, Similarly, By contrast, However。
使用指代词：This area... These developments... The latter...
时间状语：Over the period, Between 1980 and 2020, By 2020, During this time。
范文示例与分析
案例一 题目： 下面的地图显示了一个公园在1920年和今天的变化。
(假设地图显示：1920年有简单的草坪、几条小路、几个花坛、一个喷泉；今天公园增加了儿童游乐场、咖啡厅、自行车道、停车场，减少了部分草坪，喷泉保留)
范文：
The two maps illustrate how a public park has been transformed over a period of approximately a century, from 1920 to the present day.
Overall, the park has undergone significant modernization, shifting from a simple, open green space to a facility-oriented recreational area. The most notable developments are the introduction of a children's play area, a café, and a car park, which have come at the expense of some of the original grassy areas.
In 1920, the park was characterized by its simplicity. It featured a large central fountain surrounded by symmetrical flower beds, with footpaths meandering through expansive lawns on all four sides. The perimeter was lined with trees, providing a clear boundary.
By contrast, the present-day map reveals a completely different layout. The central fountain has been retained as a historical feature, but the surrounding flower beds have been removed. To the north-west, a substantial portion of the lawn has been replaced by a children's playground and a café. Furthermore, a dedicated bicycle ring route now encircles the entire park, while a car park has been constructed on the south-eastern edge, accessible from the main road. The footpaths have been redesigned into a more structured network, and although the number of trees appears to have been reduced, they still define the park's borders.
【逐一点评 - 为何能上7分】
1. 词汇 (Lexical Resource):
多样性 & 精确性： 使用了丰富的同义词和特定词汇，避免了重复。
"变化"：transformed, undergone significant modernization, developments, a completely different layout。
"特征"：characterized by, featured。
"设施"：facility-oriented recreational area, children's play area, café, dedicated bicycle ring route, structured network。
"建造/移除"：introduction of, have been replaced by, have been removed, has been constructed, has been retained。
得分点： 词汇范围广，使用准确，有意识地避免了重复，符合7分"足够的词汇范围以允许一定灵活性和精确性"的要求。
2. 句式 (Grammatical Range & Accuracy - 句式多样性):
结构多变： 简单句、复合句、复杂句交替使用，体现了对句子结构的熟练驾驭能力。
简单句：The perimeter was lined with trees...
复合句（并列）：...the park has undergone..., shifting from... to... (使用现在分词短语表伴随)
复杂句（含从句）：The most notable developments are... which have come at the expense of... (非限制性定语从句)
主语多样化： 主语不总是"The park"，而是灵活使用The two maps, The most notable developments, The central fountain, the present-day map等作为主语，使行文更生动。
得分点： 能够灵活运用多种复杂结构，大多数句子都是准确无误的，符合7分"使用多种复杂结构"的标准。
3. 语法 (Grammatical Range & Accuracy - 语法准确性):
时态精准： 通篇准确使用了一般过去时（描述1920年）和现在完成时/一般现在时（描述从过去持续到现在的变化和当前状态）。例如：has been transformed, has undergone, has been retained。
语态灵活： 主动语态和被动语态交替使用，特别是在描述变化时，被动语态（has been replaced, have been removed）使用得非常地道和准确。
得分点： 对语法和标点符号掌握良好，但可能仍有极少数偶然错误，这符合7分标准。
4. 衔接与连贯 (Coherence & Cohesion):
逻辑段落： 采用标准的四段式（引言-概览-主体段1-主体段2），逻辑清晰。
有效的衔接手段：
逻辑连接词： Overall, By contrast, Furthermore, while。
指代关系： These developments (指代概览段提到的变化)，The surrounding flower beds (指代喷泉周围的花坛)。
时间状语： from 1920 to the present day, In 1920, By contrast, the present-day map...。
得分点： 有逻辑地组织信息，全程使用恰当的衔接手段，行文流畅，符合7分"有逻辑地组织信息；恰当地使用一系列衔接手段"的要求。
案例二：选址类地图 - 新超市的选址
(假设地图显示：城镇中心有住宅区、公园和主干道；S1在城镇北部的住宅区附近，靠近一条铁路；S2在城镇西部的郊区，靠近一条河流和主干道交叉口)
范文：
The map presents two potential sites, S1 and S2, for the construction of a new supermarket in the town of Grafton.
Overall, the primary difference between the two locations lies in their proximity to the town center and their transport links. S1 is situated within the residential area north of the center, whereas S2 is located on the outskirts, offering better access to regional roads.
Regarding S1, its main advantage is that it is adjacent to the existing housing estates, which would likely guarantee a steady flow of local customers. Additionally, it is served by a railway line, potentially facilitating the delivery of goods. However, its main drawback could be the increased traffic congestion in a densely populated neighborhood.
In contrast, S2 is positioned at the junction of the main road and a regional highway. This location provides superior connectivity for both delivery trucks and customers traveling by car from surrounding areas. Nevertheless, being on the western edge of the town, it is relatively far from the central residential zone, which might discourage pedestrians and local residents. The site is also close to a river, which could pose a flooding risk or require additional construction costs for environmental protection.
【逐一点评 - 为何能上7分】
1. 词汇 (Lexical Resource):
话题特定词汇： 精准使用了选址类题目的核心词汇。
potential sites, construction, proximity to, transport links。
situated within, located on the outskirts, adjacent to, at the junction of。
advantage, drawback, superior connectivity, pose a flooding risk。
同义替换：
"位于"：presents, is situated, is located, is positioned。
"区域"：residential area, housing estates, densely populated neighborhood, central residential zone。
得分点： 词汇不仅多样，而且非常贴合题目语境，展示了在特定话题下的词汇深度。
2. 句式 (Grammatical Range & Accuracy - 句式多样性):
复杂结构突出： 大量使用从句来清晰地表达利弊，这是高分的关键标志。
主语从句：...its main advantage is that it is adjacent to...
定语从句：...housing estates, which would likely guarantee...；...customers traveling by car from surrounding areas (省略关系代词的定语从句)。
状语从句：...whereas S2 is located...；...being on the western edge..., it is relatively far... (分词短语作原因状语)。
得分点： 能够熟练地使用多种复杂句来组织和表达复杂的观点，句式灵活性强。
3. 语法 (Grammatical Range & Accuracy - 语法准确性):
情态动词的运用： 在分析利弊时，使用了would likely guarantee, could be, might discourage, could pose等情态动词，表达推测和可能性，语气严谨准确，体现了较高的语言控制能力。
整体准确性： 全文语法错误极少，时态（一般现在时）使用一致且正确。
得分点： 对语法有很好的掌握，能运用复杂的语法结构，错误不影响沟通。
4. 衔接与连贯 (Coherence & Cohesion):
清晰的比较结构： 全文围绕S1和S2的对比展开，使用了明确的对比衔接词。
Whereas (在概览段直接点明核心差异)。
Regarding S1..., In contrast, S2... (清晰地分段并引出比较对象)。
However, Nevertheless (用于段落内部，引出某个选址的缺点)。
指代清晰： its main advantage (指S1的)，This location (指S2的)，指代关系明确，不会造成混淆。
段落逻辑： 引言-概览-主体1 (S1利弊) - 主体2 (S2利弊) 的结构，非常适合选址类题目，逻辑流畅。
得分点： 序列信息和组织方式逻辑清晰；衔接手段使用得当且不机械。