雅思写作中间段核心论证手段策略

一个高分的雅思中间段通常遵循 "主题句 (Topic Sentence) → 论证 (Explanation/Elaboration) → 例证 (Example) → 小结 (Conclusion)" 的结构。论证部分是核心，以下手段可以混合使用，使段落充实有力。

1

因果论证 (Causal Analysis)

这是最常用的论证方式，用于解释某件事发生的原因或它可能导致的结果。

常用表达：

基础词:

because, since, as, for, so, therefore, thus, hence

高级词组（7分+）:

... is chiefly attributable to... （...主要归因于...）
... is a primary contributor to... （...是一个主要促成因素）
This can be ascribed to the fact that... （这可以归因于一个事实...）
..., consequently, ... （因此，...）
..., thereby resulting in... （从而导致了...）
... poses a threat to..., which leads to... （对...构成威胁，从而导致...）
... is a perennial/primary catalyst for... （...是...的一个长期/主要催化剂。）
This phenomenon is largely precipitated by... （这一现象主要是由...引发的。）
... is inextricably linked to... （...与...有着不可分割的联系。）
... breeds/engenders/gives rise to... （...催生了/导致了...）
The corollary of this is that... （由此必然结果是...）
... acts as a deterrent to... （...对...起到了阻碍作用。）
..., thus creating a vicious/virtuous cycle. （...，从而形成一个恶性/良性循环。）
This, in turn, exacerbates the problem of... （这反过来又加剧了...的问题。）

注意事项：

避免绝对化：不要使用"must"、"will definitely"等绝对词汇。使用"may"、"might"、"could"、"is likely to"等表示可能性的词，使论述更严谨。
区分直接与间接因果：确保逻辑链条清晰合理，避免"因为A，所以Z"这种跳跃过大的因果。

7分例句：

英文: The rising obesity rate is chiefly attributable to the widespread availability of high-calorie processed foods and a sedentary lifestyle, thereby resulting in increased public healthcare costs.

中文: 肥胖率的上升主要归因于高热量加工食品的广泛可得以及久坐的生活方式，从而导致了公共医疗成本的增加。

英文: Urbanization is a perennial catalyst for economic growth; the corollary of this is that it often gives rise to severe housing shortages and traffic congestion.

中文: 城市化是经济增长的一个长期催化剂；由此必然结果是，它经常导致严重的住房短缺和交通拥堵。

2

举例论证 (Exemplification)

用具体事例来支撑你的观点，使抽象论述变得具体、可信。

常用表达：

基础词:

for example, for instance, such as, like, including

高级词组（7分+）:

A prime example is... （一个典型的例子是...）
To illustrate, ... （举例来说，...）
..., as evidenced by... （...，这一点由...证明）
This is perfectly exemplified by... （这一点被...完美地例证）
Take [具体例子] as an example, ... （以...为例，...）
This is notably manifested in... （这一点在...中得到了显著体现。）
... serves as a compelling testament to... （...是对...的一个有力证明。）
To cite a concrete instance, ... （引用一个具体的例子，...）
The cases of [A] and [B] aptly demonstrate how... （[A]和[B]的案例恰当地展示了...）
... is a case in point. （...就是一个很好的例子。）
Evidence of this can be found in... （这方面的证据可以在...中找到。）

注意事项：

使用平行结构：如果你的例子是多个并列的，请保持语法结构一致，显得更整洁有力。

不佳: People can use renewable energy, for example, by installing solar panels, they can drive electric cars, and using public transport.

优秀: People can adopt renewable energy in various ways, such as installing solar panels, driving electric vehicles, and using public transportation.
例子要简洁相关：例子是为论证服务的，一两句说清楚即可，不要讲一个长长的故事。

7分例句：

英文: Governments can play a pivotal role in environmental protection. A prime example is the policy of plastic bag charges in many European countries, as evidenced by a significant reduction in plastic waste within just a few years.

中文: 政府可以在环境保护中发挥关键作用。一个典型的例子是许多欧洲国家实施的塑料袋收费政策，这一点由短短几年内塑料垃圾的显著减少所证明。

英文: The success of renewable energy is notably manifested in countries like Denmark and Germany, which serve as a compelling testament to the feasibility of a green transition.

中文: 可再生能源的成功在丹麦和德国等国家得到了显著体现，它们是对绿色转型可行性的一个有力证明。

3

对比论证 (Comparison and Contrast)

通过比较相同点或对比不同点，来突出你要论证的观点。

常用表达：

对比（不同）:

however, whereas, while, whilst, on the other hand, in contrast, by comparison, conversely

比较（相同）:

similarly, likewise, equally, in the same way

高级词组（7分+）:

... stands in stark contrast to... （...与...形成鲜明对比）
This is not to say that...; rather, ... （这并不是说...；而是...）
While it is true that..., ... （尽管...确实如此，但是...）
On the contrary, ... （正相反，...）
... pales in comparison to... （...与...相比相形见绌。）
This presents a striking dichotomy between A and B. （这在A和B之间呈现了一种惊人的二分法/对立。）
... differs markedly from... in that... （...与...显著不同，因为...）
There is a world of difference between... and... （...和...之间有着天壤之别。）
Contrary to the popular belief that..., ... （与...的普遍看法相反，...）
Whereas A..., B..., on the other hand, ... （鉴于A...，而另一方面B则...）

注意事项：

比较双方要具有可比性：不能拿一个国家的经济和一个城市的人口做对比。
逻辑清晰：使用合适的连接词，让读者明确知道你在比较还是对比。

7分例句：

英文: Online learning offers flexibility and a wide range of resources. In stark contrast, traditional classroom education fosters a more structured learning environment and direct peer interaction.

中文: 在线学习提供了灵活性和广泛的资源。与之形成鲜明对比的是，传统的课堂教育培养了更有条理的学习环境和直接的同伴互动。

4

虚拟假设论证 (Hypothetical Argument)

通过假设一种情况来推导出一个结果，常用于预测或强调某个条件的重要性。

常用表达：

基础词:

if, unless, provided that, suppose that, imagine that

高级词组（7分+）:

Were it not for..., ... would... （如果不是因为...，...就...）
It is conceivable that... （可以想象的是...）
This would render... obsolete/ineffective. （这将使...过时/无效。）
Had it not been for..., we would not have... （若非...，我们就不会...）- 对过去的虚拟
It is not inconceivable to imagine a scenario where... （想象一个...的场景并非不可想象。）
This begs the question: what would happen if...? （这引出了一个疑问：如果...会发生什么？）
In the absence of..., ... would be fraught with difficulty. （如果没有...，...将会困难重重。）

注意事项：

注意虚拟语气的正确使用：这是体现语法准确性的关键。

对现在/未来的假设: If + 过去式, ... would/could/might do...

对过去的假设: If + had done, ... would have done...
不要过度使用：这种论证方式力度很强，但用多了会显得文章基于假设而非事实。

7分例句：

英文: Were it not for the invention of the internet, global communication would not be as instantaneous and effortless as it is today.

中文: 如果不是因为互联网的发明，全球通讯就不可能像今天这样即时和省力。

5

引用论证 (Reference to Authority)

引用专家、研究、统计数据或普遍认知来增加论点的权威性和客观性。

常用表达：

基础词:

according to, research shows that, studies have found that, it is widely believed that

高级词组（7分+）:

A study conducted by [机构] revealed that... （由[机构]进行的一项研究揭示了...）
Statistics from [来源] indicate that... （来自[来源]的统计数据表明...）
Experts in the field of [领域] contend that... （[领域]的专家主张...）
There is a consensus among scientists that... （科学家们达成了一个共识...）

注意事项：

可以"虚构"引用：雅思写作不要求提供真实的引用来源。你可以说"A recent study by Harvard University showed that..."，考官明白这是一种论证手段，不会核查真实性。但数据要合理。
避免"Everyone knows that..." 这种表达过于模糊和不正式。

7分例句：

英文: Statistics from major health organizations consistently indicate that smoking is a leading cause of preventable diseases worldwide.

中文: 来自主要卫生组织的统计数据一致表明，吸烟是全球可预防疾病的一个主要诱因。

段落举例（融合因果、举例、对比）：

Topic Sentence: Investing in public transportation yields significant economic and environmental benefits for cities.

论证（因果）: This is primarily because an efficient metro or bus system reduces reliance on private cars, which in turn decreases traffic congestion and air pollution.

例证/对比（举例+对比）: A prime example is Singapore, whose comprehensive MRT system stands in stark contrast to cities overly dependent on roads. Consequently, Singapore enjoys smoother traffic flow and better air quality.

小结: Therefore, allocating funds to public transport is not an expense but a crucial investment for a sustainable urban future.